Sonia gandhi young

Indian politician (born )

For the scientist, see Sonia Gandhi (scientist).

Sonia Gandhi
Gandhi in
Incumbent
Assumed office October
Preceded by	Sharad Pawar
Incumbent
Assumed office 3&#;April&#;&#;()
Preceded by	Manmohan Singh
Constituency	Rajasthan
Interim
In office 10&#;August&#;&#;()&#;– 26&#;October&#;&#;()
Preceded by	Rahul Gandhi
Succeeded by	Mallikarjun Kharge
In office 14&#;March&#;&#;()&#;– 16&#;December&#;&#;()
Vice President	Rahul Gandhi (from )
Preceded by	Sitaram Kesri
Succeeded by	Rahul Gandhi
In office 6&#;May&#;&#;()&#;– 18&#;July&#;&#;()
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished
In office 29 March &#;– 25 May
Prime Minister	Manmohan Singh
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished
In office 4 June &#;– 23 March
Prime Minister	Manmohan Singh
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished
In office 13 October &#;– 6 February
Preceded by	Sharad Pawar
Succeeded by	L. K. Advani
In office 17 May &#;– 2 April
Preceded by	Satish Sharma
Succeeded by	Rahul Gandhi
Constituency	Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh
In office 10 October &#;– 17 May
Preceded by	Sanjay Singh
Succeeded by	Rahul Gandhi
Constituency	Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
In role 31 October &#;– 2 December
Prime Minister	Rajiv Gandhi
Preceded by	Gayatri Devi
Succeeded by	Sita Kumari Singh
Born	() 9 December (age&#;78) Lusiana, Veneto, Italy
Citizenship	Italy (–) India (–present)
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse	Rajiv Gandhi &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Children
Relatives	See Nehru–Gandhi family
Residence(s)	12, Tughlaq Lane, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Alma mater	Bell Educational Trust
Occupation	Politician
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Sonia Gandhi (Hindi:[ˈsoːnɪjaːˈɡaːndʱiː], Italian:[ˈsɔːnjaˈɡandi]; née&#;Maino[ˈmaino]; born 9 December ) is an Indian politician.

She is the longest-serving president of the Indian National Congress, a liberal political party, which has governed India for most of its post-independence history. She took over as the party leader in , seven years after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, her husband and a former Prime Minister of India, and remained in office until after serving for twenty-two years.^[a] She returned to the post in and remained the President for another three years.

Born in a small village near Vicenza, Italy, Gandhi was raised in a Roman Catholic family. After completing her primary education at local schools, she moved for language classes to Cambridge, England, where she met Rajiv Gandhi, and later married him in She then moved to India and started living with her mother-in-law, the then-Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, at the latter's New Delhi residence.

Sonia Gandhi, however, kept away from the public sphere, even during the years of her husband's premiership.

Following her husband's assassination, Gandhi was invited by Congress leaders to lead the party, but she declined. She agreed to join politics in after much pleading from the party; the following year, she was nominated for party president.^[b] Under her leadership, the Congress went on to form the government post the elections in coalition with other centre-left political parties.

Gandhi has since been credited for being instrumental in formulating the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which was re-elected to power in Gandhi declined the premiership following the victory; she instead led the ruling alliance and the National Advisory Council.^[c]

Over the course of her career, Gandhi presided over the advisory councils credited for the formation and subsequent implementation of such rights-based development and welfare schemes as the Right to Information, Food Security Bill, and MGNREGA, as she drew criticism related to the National Herald case during the Manmohan Singh premiership.

Her foreign birth has also been a subject of much debate and controversy.^[d] Gandhi's active participation in politics began to reduce during the latter half of the UPA government's second term owing to health concerns. She stepped down as the Congress president in December but returned to lead the party in August

Although she has not held any public office in the government of India, Gandhi has been widely described as one of the most powerful politicians in the country, and is often listed among the most powerful women in the world.^[e]

Early life

Sonia Maino was born on 9 December to Stefano and Paola Maino in Lusiana (in Maini street),^[19] a historically Cimbrian-speaking village about 35&#;km from Vicenza in Veneto, Italy.^[20][21] She was one of three siblings: Sonia, Nadia and Anoushka,^[22] raised in a traditional Roman Catholic Christian family.^[19] Sonia spent her adolescence in Orbassano, a town near Turin.

She attained primary education attending the local Catholic schools; one of her early teachers described her as "a diligent little girl, [who] studied as much as was necessary".^[19]

Stefano, who was a building mason, established a small construction business in Orbassano.^[22] He had fought against the Soviet military alongside Hitler's Wehrmacht on the eastern front in World War II, was a loyal supporter of Benito Mussolini and Italy's National Fascist Party.

The family house had leather bound books on writings and speeches of Mussolini.^[22] Stefano had named Sonia and her elder sister Nadia in the memory of the Italian participation in the Eastern Front.^[19] He died in ^[23] Gandhi has two sisters who still reside in Orbassano.^[24]

Gandhi completed her schooling at the age of 13; her final report card read: "intelligent, diligent, committed [] would succeed well at the high school for teachers".

She aspired to become a flight attendant.^[19] In , she went to study English at the Bell Educational Trust's language school in the city of Cambridge.^[25] The following year, she met Rajiv Gandhi at the Varsity Restaurant, where she was working as a part-time waitress, while he was enrolled for an engineering degree in the Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.^[26][27] In this context, the Times, London reported, "Mrs Gandhi was an year-old student at a small language college in Cambridge in , [] when she met a handsome young engineering student".^[28] The couple married in , in a Hindu ceremony, following which she moved into the house of her mother-in-law and then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.^[29][8]

The couple had two children, Rahul Gandhi (born ) and Priyanka Vadra (born ).

Despite belonging to the influential Nehru family, Sonia and Rajiv avoided all involvement in politics. Rajiv worked as an airline pilot while Sonia took care of her family. She spent considerable amount of time with her mother-in-law, Indira Gandhi; she recalled her experience in a interview with the Hindi-language magazine Dharmyug, "She [Indira] showered me with all her affection and love".^[30] Soon after the latter's ousting from office in in the aftermath of the Indian Emergency, the Rajiv family contemplated moving abroad for a short time.^[31] When Rajiv entered politics in after the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in a plane crash on 23 June , Sonia continued to focus on her family and avoided all contact with the public.^[32]

Political career

Rajiv Gandhi's premiership (–)

Sonia Gandhi's involvement with Indian public life began after the assassination of her mother-in-law and her husband's election as prime minister.

As the prime minister's wife she acted as his official hostess and also accompanied him on a number of state visits.^[33]

In , she actively campaigned against her husband's sister-in-law Maneka Gandhi who was running against Rajiv in Amethi. At the end of Rajiv Gandhi's five years in office, the Bofors scandal broke out.

Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian businessman believed to be involved, was said to be a friend of Sonia Gandhi, having access to the Prime Minister's official residence.^[34] The BJP has alleged that she appeared on the voters' list in New Delhi prior to obtaining Indian citizenship in April , in contravention of Indian law.^[35][36]

Former senior Congress leader and former President of IndiaPranab Mukherjee said that she surrendered her Italian passport to the Italian Embassy on 27 April ^[37]Italian nationality law did not permit dual nationality until So, by acquiring Indian citizenship on 30 April ,^[38][39] she would automatically have lost Italian citizenship.^[40]

Political debut and Congress presidency (–)

After Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in and Sonia Gandhi refused^[41] to succeed him as the Congress president and prime minister, the party settled on the choice of P.

V. Narasimha Rao who subsequently became Prime Minister after winning elections that year. Over the next few years, however, the Congress fortunes continued to dwindle and it lost the elections. Several senior leaders such as Madhavrao Sindhia, Rajesh Pilot, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Arjun Singh, Mamata Banerjee, G.

K. Moopanar, P. Chidambaram and Jayanthi Natarajan were in open revolt against incumbent President Sitaram Kesri and many of whom quit the party, splitting the Congress into many factions.^[42]

In an effort to revive the party's sagging fortunes, she joined the Congress Party as a primary member in the Calcutta Plenary Session in and became party leader in ^[7][43]

In May , three senior leaders of the party (Sharad Pawar, P.

A. Sangma, and Tariq Anwar) challenged her right to try to become India's Prime Minister because of her foreign origins. In response, she offered to resign as party leader, resulting in an outpouring of support and the expulsion from the party of the three rebels who went on to form the Nationalist Congress Party.^[44][45]

Within 62 days of joining as a primary member, she was offered the party President post which she accepted.^[46]

She contested Lok Sabha elections from Bellary, Karnataka and Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in She won both seats but chose to represent Amethi.^[47] In Bellary, she had defeated veteran BJP leader, Sushma Swaraj.^[48][49]

Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (–)

She was elected the Leader of the Opposition of the 13th Lok Sabha in ^[50]

When the BJP-led NDA formed a government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, she took the office of the Leader of the Opposition.

In , she defeated Jitendra Prasada by a huge margin of 97% in the Congress President Election.^[51] She had been repeatedly selected for the position without any election being held. As Leader of the Opposition, she called a no-confidence motion against the NDA government led by Vajpayee in ^[52]

Electoral success and NAC chairmanship (–)

In the general elections, Gandhi launched a nationwide campaign, crisscrossing the country on the Aam Aadmi (ordinary man) slogan in contrast to the 'India Shining' slogan of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) alliance.

She countered the BJP asking "Who is India Shining for?". In the election, she was re-elected by a ,vote margin over her nearest rival, in the Rae Bareli.^[53] Following the unexpected defeat of the NDA, she was widely expected to be the next Prime Minister of India. On 16 May, she was unanimously chosen to lead a coalition government of 15 parties supported by the left, and it was subsequently named as United Progressive Alliance (UPA).^[54]

The defeated NDA protested once again about her 'foreign origin' and senior NDA leader Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head and "sleep on the ground", among other things, should Sonia become prime minister.^[14]

The NDA claimed that there were legal reasons that barred her from the Prime Minister's post.^[55]

They pointed, in particular, to Section 5 of the Indian Citizenship Act of , which they claimed implied 'reciprocity'.

This was contested by others^[36] and eventually the suits were dismissed by the Supreme Court of India.^[56]

A few days after the election, Gandhi recommended Manmohan Singh as her choice as prime minister, which the party leaders accepted. Her supporters compared it to the old Indian tradition of renunciation,^[57] while her opponents attacked it as a political stunt.^[58]

On 23 March , Gandhi announced her resignation from the Lok Sabha and also as chairperson of the National Advisory Council under the office-of-profit controversy and the speculation that the government was planning to bring an ordinance to exempt the post of chairperson of National Advisory Council from the purview of office of profit.^[59] She was re-elected from her constituency Rae Bareli in May by a margin of over , votes.^[60][61]

As chairperson of the National Advisory Committee and the UPA, she played an important role in making the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and the Right to Information Act into law.^[62][63]

She addressed the United Nations on 2 October , Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary which is observed as the international day of non-violence after a UN resolution passed on 15 July ^[64]

Under her leadership, the Congress-led UPA won a decisive majority in the general elections with Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister.^[65] The Congress itself won Lok Sabha seats, which was then the highest total by any party since ^[66] She was re-elected to a third term as a member of parliament representing Rae Bareli.^[67]

In , Gandhi became the first person to serve as Congress President for 15 years consecutively.^[68] In the same year, Gandhi condemned the Supreme Court judgement supporting Section of the Indian Penal Code and backed LGBT rights.^[69]

Leaving active politics and Rajya Sabha (–present)

In the general election, she held her seat in Rae Bareli.^[70] However, the Indian National Congress and the Congress-led UPA electoral alliance suffered their worst result in a general election ever, winning only 44 and 59 seats respectively.^[71][72][73]

When Rahul Gandhi was expected to take over as Congress president, Communist Party of India (Marxist) leader Sitaram Yechury picked Sonia over Rahul, calling her the "glue that binds the opposition"^[74] during an interview November Rahul took over as the 49th Congress president on 16 December ^[75][76]

Gandhi returned to active politics for the Indian National Congress' campaign for the Karnataka Legislative Assembly election.

Having stayed away from campaigning for elections since , Gandhi addressed a rally at Bijapur, which comprised five legislative assembly constituencies; while Congress emerged as the second largest party in the election with 78 seats behind the BJP, the former won four or the five assembly seats from Bijapur.^[77][78] Gandhi also played an active role in orchestrating a post-poll alliance with the Janata Dal (Secular).^[79]

Rahul Gandhi, taking responsibility for Congress party's second consecutive loss in general elections held in , resigned from the post of President on 25 May.

Following the resignation, party leaders began deliberations for a suitable candidate to replace him. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to take a final call on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.^[81]

Following her appointment, Gandhi undertook a restructuring of the Congress' state units and appointed Kumari Selja and Eknath Gaikwad as the presidents of the party's Haryana and Mumbai units.

Several other changes were also made in the party's organisational units in states slated for elections including Haryana, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand.^[82][83]

In February , Gandhi held a press conference where she demanded that Home Minister Amit Shah should resign for failing to stop the North East Delhi riots.

She asked for the deployment of an adequate number of security forces.^[84] In , it was reported that Sonia Gandhi supported Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot for Congress president to lead in the next Indian general election.^[85] But, Gehlot did not contest the election and Gandhi loyalist Mallikarjun Kharge elected as the new Congress president, defeating non-loyalist Shashi Tharoor.

In February , Sonia Gandhi opted out of the Indian general election citing health and age-related issues.^[86] Gandhi filed her nomination to contest for the Rajya Sabha elections from Rajasthan to succeed retiring MP Manmohan Singh. During the nomination filing, she was accompanied by Rahul Gandhi, Ashok Gehlot and other senior members of the party.

Sonia Gandhi was elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan on 20 February and took the oath in April.^[87]

Personal life

Sonia is the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, elder son of Indira Gandhi. She has two children, Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi, who both serve as Members of Parliament in the Lok Sabha.

In August , she underwent successful surgery for cervical cancer^[88] in the United States at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York.^[89] She returned to India on 9 September after her treatment.

According to an affidavit filed during the Indian general election, Gandhi had declared assets worth ₹ crore (US$ million), with ₹ crore (US$,) in movable and ₹ crore (US$ million) in immovable properties.

This was an almost six-fold increase since her declaration in the last election in ; party officials attributed this to a switch from book value to market value for asset valuation.^[90]

Gandhi's mother, Paola Maino, died due to an illness at her home in Italy on 27 August , at the age of about ^[91]

Electoral history

Year	Election	Party		Constituency Name	Result	Votes gained	Vote share%
	13th Lok Sabha	INC&#;	Amethi	Won	4,18,	%
			Bellary	Won	4,14,	%
	14th Lok Sabha		Rae Bareli	Won	,	%
			Rae Bareli	Won	4,74,	%
	15th Lok Sabha		Rae Bareli	Won	4,81,	%
	16th Lok Sabha		Rae Bareli	Won	5,26,	%
	17th Lok Sabha		Rae Bareli	Won	5,34,	%

Honours and recognition

Gandhi was seen as the most powerful politician of India from to ,^[92] and variously listed among the most powerful people and women listings by magazines.^[17][93]

In , Sonia Gandhi was ranked 21st among world's most powerful and 9th most powerful woman by Forbes Magazine.^[94]

In , she was named the third most powerful woman in the world by the same magazine^[95] and was ranked 6th in exclusive list in ^[96]

In , Gandhi was ranked as the ninth most powerful person on the planet by Forbes magazine.^[97][98][99] She was ranked 12 in in Forbes' powerful people list.^[][][]

Sonia was also named among the Time most influential people in the world for ^[] and ^[]New Statesman listed Sonia Gandhi at number 29 in their annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures" in ^[]

Bibliography

See also

References

Notes

Citations